Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
From Bevans, Charles, I. ed., "Adams-Onís Treaty: 1819," Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949.
The AdamsOnís Treaty sometimes referred to as The Florida Treaty was signed in Washington on February 22, 1819 and ratified by Spain October 24, 1820 and entered into force February 22, 1821. It terminated April 14,1903 by a treaty of July 3, 1902. The treaty was named for John Quincy Adams of the United States and Louis de Onís of Spain and renounced any claim of the United States to Texas. It fixed the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase as beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River and running along its south and west bank to the thirty-second parallel and thence directly north to the Río Rojo (Red River).
TREATY OF AMITY, SETTLEMENT AND LIMITS BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AND HIS CATHOLIC MAJESTY
The United States of America and His Catholic Majesty desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the friendship and good correspondence which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to settle and terminate all their differences and pretensions by a Treaty, which shall designate with precision the limits of their respective bordering territories in North America.
With this intention the President of the United States has furnished with their full Powers John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State of the said United States; and His Catholic Majesty has appointed the Most Excellent Lord Don Luis de Onís, Gonsalez, Lopez y Vara, Lord of the Town of Rayaces, Perpetual Regidor of the Corporation of the City of Salamanca, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal American Order of Isabella, the Catholic, decorated with the Lys of La Vendee, Knight Pensioner of the Royal and distinguished Spanish Order of Charles the Third, Member of the Supreme Assembly of the said Royal Order; of the Council of His Catholic Majesty; his Secretary with Exercise of Decrees, and his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary near the United States of America.
And the said Plenipotentiaries, after having exchanged their Powers, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles.
ARTICLE 1
There shall be a firm and inviolable peace and sincere friendship between the
United States and their Citizens, and His Catholic Majesty, his Successors and
Subjects, without exception of persons or places.
ARTICLE 2
His Catholic Majesty cedes to the United States, in full property and
sovereignty, all the territories which belong to him, situated to the Eastward
of the Mississippi, known by the name of East and West Florida. The adjacent
Islands dependent on said Provinces, all public lots and squares, vacant Lands,
public Edifices, Fortifications, Barracks and other Buildings, which are not
private property, Archives and Documents, which relate directly to the property
and sovereignty of said Provinces, are included in this Article. The said
Archives and Documents shall be left in possession of the Commissaries, or
Officers of the United States, duly authorized to receive them.
ARTICLE 3
The Boundary Line between the two Countries, West of the Mississippi, shall
begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the River Sabine in the Sea,
continuing North, along the Western Bank of that River, to the 32d degree of
Latitude; thence by a Line due North to the degree of Latitude, where it strikes
the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches, or Red-River, then following the course of the
Rio-Roxo Westward to the degree of Longitude, 100 West from London and 23 from
Washington, then crossing the said Red-River, and running thence by a Line due
North to the River Arkansas, thence, following the Course of the Southern bank
of the Arkansas to its source in Latitude, 42. North and thence by that parallel
of Latitude to the South-Sea. The whole being as laid down in Melishe's Map of
the United States, published at Philadelphia, improved to the first of January
1818. But if the Source of the Arkansas River shall be found to fall North or
South of Latitude 42, then the Line shall run from the said Source due South or
North, as the case may be, till it meets the said Parallel of Latitude 42, and
thence along the said Parallel to the South Sea: all the Islands in the Sabine
and the Said Red and Arkansas Rivers, throughout the Course thus described, to
belong to the United States; but the use of the Waters and the navigation of the
Sabine to the Sea, and of the said Rivers, Roxo and Arkansas, throughout the
extent of the said Boundary, on their respective Banks, shall be common to the
respective inhabitants of both Nations. The Two High Contracting Parties agree
to cede and renounce all their rights, claims and pretensions to the Territories
described by the said Line: that is to say.—The United States hereby cede to His
Catholic Majesty, and renounce forever, all their rights, claims, and
pretensions to the Territories lying West and South of the above described Line;
and, in like manner, His Catholic Majesty cedes to the said United States, all
his rights, claims, and pretensions to any Territories, East and North of the
said Line, and, for himself, his heirs and successors, renounces all claim to
the said Territories forever. sdct
ARTICLE 4
To fix this Line with more precision, and to place the Landmarks which shall
designate exactly the limits of both Nations, each of the Contracting Parties
shall appoint a Commissioner, and a Surveyor, who shall meet before the
termination of one year from the date of the Ratification of this Treaty, at
Nachitoches on the Red River, and proceed to run and mark the said Line from the
mouth of the Sabine to the Red River, and from the Red River to the River
Arkansas, and to ascertain the Latitude of the Source of the said River
Arkansas, in conformity to what is above agreed upon and stipulated, and the
Line of Latitude 42. to the South Sea: they shall make out plans and keep
Journals of their proceedings, and the result agreed upon by them shall be
considered as part of this Treaty, and shall have the same force as if it were
inserted therein. The two Governments will amicably agree respecting the
necessary Articles to be furnished to those persons, and also as to their
respective escorts, should such be deemed necessary.
ARTICLE 5
The Inhabitants of the ceded Territories shall be secured in the free exercise
of their Religion, without any restriction, and all those who may desire to
remove to the Spanish Dominions shall be permitted to sell, or export their
Effects at any time whatever, without being subject, in either case, to duties.
ARTICLE 6
The Inhabitants of the Territories which His Catholic Majesty cedes to the
United States by this Treaty, shall be incorporated in the Union of the United
States, as soon as may be consistent with the principle of the Federal
Constitution, and admitted to the enjoyment of all the privileges, rights and
immunities of the Citizens of the United States.
ARTICLE 7
The Officers and Troops of His Catholic Majesty in the Territories hereby ceded
by him to the United States shall be withdrawn, and possession of the places
occupied by them shall be given within six months after the exchange of the
Ratifications of this Treaty, or sooner if possible, by the Officers of His
Catholic Majesty, to the Commissioners or Officers of the United States, duly
appointed to receive them; and the United States shall furnish the transports
and escort necessary to convey the Spanish Officers and Troops and their baggage
to the Havana.
ARTICLE 8
All the grants of land made before the 24th of January 1818. by His Catholic
Majesty or by his lawful authorities in the said Territories ceded by His
Majesty to the United States, shall be ratified and confirmed to the persons in
possession of the lands, to the same extent that the same grants would be valid
if the Territories had remained under the Dominion of His Catholic Majesty. But
the owners in possession of such lands, who by reason of the recent
circumstances of the Spanish Nation and the Revolutions in Europe, have been
prevented from fulfilling all the conditions of their grants, shall complete
them within the terms limited in the same respectively, from the date of this
Treaty; in default of which the said grants shall be null and void—all grants
made since the said 24th of January 1818. when the first proposal on the part of
His Catholic Majesty, for the cession of the Floridas was made, are hereby
declared and agreed to be null and void.
ARTICLE 9
The two High Contracting Parties animated with the most earnest desire of
conciliation and with the object of putting an end to all the differences which
have existed between them, and of confirming the good understanding which they
wish to be forever maintained between them, reciprocally renounce all claims for
damages or injuries which they, themselves, as well as their respective citizens
and subjects may have suffered, until the time of signing this Treaty. The
renunciation of the United States will extend to all the injuries mentioned in
the Convention of the 11th of August 1802. 2. To all claims on account of
Prizes made by French Privateers, and condemned by French consuls, within the
Territory and Jurisdiction of Spain. 3. To all claims of indemnities on account
of the suspension of the right of Deposit at New Orleans in 1802. 4. To all
claims of Citizens of the United States upon the Government of Spain, arising
from the unlawful seizures at Sea, and in the ports and territories of Spain or
the Spanish Colonies. sdct 5. To all claims of Citizens of the United
States upon the Spanish Government, statements of which, soliciting the
interposition of the Government of the United States have been presented to the
Department of State, or to the Minister of the United States in Spain, since the
date of the Convention of 1802, and until the signature of this Treaty. The
renunciation of His Catholic Majesty extends, 1. To all the injuries mentioned
in the Convention of the 11th of August 1802. 2. To the sums which His Catholic
Majesty advanced for the return of Captain Pike from the Provincias Internas.
3. To all injuries caused by the expedition of Miranda that was fitted out and
equipped at New York. 4. To all claims of Spanish subjects upon the Government
of the United States arizing from unlawful seizures at Sea or within the ports
and territorial Jurisdiction of the United States. Finally, to all the claims
of subjects of His Catholic Majesty upon the Government of the United States, in
which the interposition of His Catholic Majesty's Government has been solicited
before the date of this Treaty, and since the date of the Convention of 1802, or
which may have been made to the Department of Foreign Affairs of His Majesty, or
to His Minister in the United States. And the High Contracting Parties
respectively renounce all claim to indemnities for any of the recent events or
transactions of their respective Commanders and Officers, in the Floridas.
sdct
The United States will cause satisfaction to be made for the injuries, if any, which by process of Law, shall be established to have been suffered by the Spanish Officers, and individual Spanish inhabitants, by the late operations of the American Army in Florida.
ARTICLE 10
The Convention entered into between the two Governments on the 11. of August
1802, the Ratifications of which were exchanged the 21st December 1818, is
annulled.
ARTICLE 11
The United States, exonerating Spain from all demands in future, on account of
the claims of their Citizens, to which the renunciations herein contained
extend, and considering them entirely cancelled, undertake to make satisfaction
for the same, to an amount not exceeding Five Millions of Dollars. To ascertain
the full amount and validity of those claims, a Commission, to consist of three
Commissioners, Citizens of the United States, shall be appointed by the
President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; which Commission
shall meet at the City of Washington, and within the space of three years, from
the time of their first meeting, shall receive, examine and decide upon the
amount and validity of all the claims included within the descriptions above
mentioned. The said Commissioners shall take an oath or affirmation, to be
entered on the record of their proceedings, for the faithful and diligent
discharge of their duties; and in case of the death, sickness, or necessary
absence of any such Commissioner, his place may be supplied by the appointment,
as aforesaid, or by the President of the United States during the recess of the
Senate, of another Commissioner in his stead. The said Commissioners shall be
authorized to hear and examine on oath every question relative to the said
claims, and to receive all suitable authentic testimony concerning the same. And
the Spanish Government shall furnish all such documents and elucidations as may
be in their possession, for the adjustment of the said claims, according to the
principles of Justice, the Laws of Nations, and the stipulations of the Treaty
between the two Parties of 27th October 1795; the said Documents to be
specified, when demanded at the instance of the said Commissioners. The payment
of such claims as may be admitted and adjusted by the said Commissioners, or the
major part of them, to an amount not exceeding Five Millions of Dollars, shall
be made by the United States, either immediately at their Treasury or by the
creation of Stock bearing an interest of Six per Cent per annum, payable from
the proceeds of Sales of public lands within the Territories hereby ceded to the
United States, or in such other manner as the Congress of the United States may
prescribe by Law. The records of the proceedings of the said Commissioners,
together with the vouchers and documents produced before them, relative to the
claims to be adjusted and decided upon by them, shall, after the close of their
transactions, be deposited in the Department of State of the United States; and
copies of them or any part of them, shall be furnished to the Spanish
Government, if required, at the demand of the Spanish Minister in the United
States.
ARTICLE 12
The Treaty of Limits and Navigation of 1795. remains confirmed in all and each
one of its Articles, excepting the 2, 3, 4, 21 and the second clause of the 22d
Article, which, having been altered by this Treaty, or having received their
entire execution, are no longer valid. With respect to the 15th Article of the
same Treaty of Friendship, Limits and Navigation of 1795, in which it is
stipulated, that the Flag shall cover the property, the Two High Contracting
Parties agree that this shall be so understood with respect to those Powers who
recognize this principle; but if either of the two Contracting Parties shall be
at War with a Third Party,and the other Neutral, the Flag of the Neutral shall
cover the property of Enemies, whose Government acknowledge this principle, and
not of others.
ARTICLE 13
Both Contracting Parties, wishing to favour their mutual Commerce, by affording
in their ports every necessary Assistance to their respective Merchant Vessels,
have agreed, that the Sailors who shall desert from their Vessels in the ports
of the other, shall be arrested and delivered up, at the instance of the
Consul—-who shall prove nevertheless, that the Deserters belonged to the Vessels
that claim them, exhibiting the document that is customary in their Nation: that
is to say, the American Consul in a Spanish Port, shall exhibit the Document
known by the name of Articles, and the Spanish Consul in American Ports, the
Roll of the Vessel; and if the name of the Deserter or Deserters, who are
claimed, shall appear in the one or the other, they shall be arrested, held in
custody and delivered to the Vessel to which they shall belong.
ARTICLE 14
The United States hereby certify, that they have not received any compensation
from France for the injuries they suffered from her Privateers, Consuls, and
Tribunals, on the Coasts and in the Ports of Spain, for the satisfaction of
which provision is made by this Treaty; and they will present an authentic
statement of the prizes made, and of their true value, that Spain may avail
herself of the same in such manner as she may deem just and proper.
ARTICLE 15
The United States to give to His Catholic Majesty, a proof of their desire to
cement the relations of Amity subsisting between the two Nations, and to favour
the Commerce of the Subjects of His Catholic Majesty, agree that Spanish Vessels
coming laden only with productions of Spanish growth, or manufactures directly
from the Ports of Spain or of her Colonies, shall be admitted for the term of
twelve years to the Ports of Pensacola and St. Augustine in the Floridas,
without paying other or higher duties on their cargoes or of tonnage than will
be paid by the Vessels of the United States. During the said term no other
Nation shall enjoy the same privileges within the ceded Territories. The twelve
years shall commence three months after the exchange of the Ratifications of
this Treaty.
ARTICLE 16
The present Treaty shall be ratified in due form by the Contracting Parties, and
the Ratifications shall be exchanged in Six Months from this time or sooner if
possible. In Witness whereof, We the Underwritten Plenipotentiaries of the
States of America and of His Catholic Majesty, have signed, by virtue of Our
Powers, the present Treaty of Amity, Settlement and Limits, and have thereunto
affixed our Seals respectively. Done at Washington, this Twenty-Second day of
February, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Nineteen. sdct
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS [SEAL] LUIS DE Onís [SEAL]
SPANISH INSTRUMENT OF RATIFICATION
(Translated from the Spanish)
Ferdinand the Seventh by the grace of God, and by the Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, King of the Spains. Whereas on the twenty second day of February of the year one thousand eight hundred and nineteen last past, a treaty was concluded and signed in the City of Washington between Don Luis de Onís, my Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, and John Quincy Adams Esquire, Secretary of State of the United States of America, competently authorized by both parties, consisting of sixteen articles, which had for their object the arrangement of differences, and of limits between both Governments and their respective territories; which are of the following form and literal tenor. [Text of Treaty] Therefore having seen and examined the sixteen articles aforesaid, and having first obtained the consent and authority of the General Cortes of the Nation with respect to the Cession mentioned and stipulated in the 2d and 3d articles, I approve and ratify all and every one of the articles referred to and the clauses which are contained in them; and in virtue of these presents I approve and ratify them; promising on the faith and word of a King to execute and observe them, and to cause them to be executed and observed entirely as if I myself had signed them: and that the circumstance of having exceeded the term of six months, fixed for the exchange of the ratifications in the 16th article may afford no obstacle in any manner; it is my deliberate will that the present ratification be as valid and firm and produce the same effects as if it had been done within the determined period. Desirous at the same time of avoiding any doubt or ambiguity concerning the meaning of the 8th article of the said treaty in respect to the date which is pointed out in it as the period for the confirmation of the grants of lands in the Floridas, made by me or by the competent authorities in my Royal name, which point of date was fixed in the positive understanding of the three grants of land made in favour of the Duke of Alagon, the Count of Punonrostro, and Don Pedro de Vargas, being annulled by its tenor; I think proper to declare that the said three grants have remained and do remain entirely annulled and invalid; and that neither the three individuals mentioned, nor those who may have title or interest through them, can avail themselves of the said grants at any time or in any manner: under which explicit declaration the said 8th article is to be understood as ratified. In the faith of all which I have commanded to dispatch these presents signed by my hand, sealed with my secret seal, and countersigned by the underwritten my Secretary of Despatch of State. Given at Madrid the twenty fourth of October one thousand eight hundred and twenty. FERNANDO EVARISTO PEREZ DE CASTRO